Accessibility best practices

Quick summary

Since no ARIA is better than bad ARIA, review the following recommendations before using aria-*, role, and tabindex. Use semantic HTML, which has accessibility semantics baked in, and ideally test with relevant combinations of screen readers and browsers.

In WebAIM's accessibility analysis of the top million home pages, they found that "ARIA correlated to higher detectable errors". It is likely that misuse of ARIA is a big cause of increased errors, so when in doubt don't use aria-*, role, and tabindex and stick with semantic HTML.

Enable keyboard navigation on macOS

By default, macOS limits the tab key to Text boxes and lists only. To enable full keyboard navigation:

Open System Preferences.
Select Keyboard.
Open the Shortcuts tab.
Enable the setting Use keyboard navigation to move focus between controls.

You can read more about enabling browser-specific keyboard navigation on a11yproject.

Quick checklist

Text, select, checkbox, radio, file, and toggle inputs have accessible names.
Buttons, links, and images have descriptive accessible names.
Icons
- Non-decorative icons have an aria-label.
- Clickable icons are buttons, that is, <gl-button icon="close" /> is used and not <gl-icon />.
- Icon-only buttons have an aria-label.
Interactive elements can be accessed with the Tab key and have a visible focus state.
Elements with tooltips are focusable using the Tab key.
Are any role, tabindex or aria-* attributes unnecessary?
Can any div or span elements be replaced with a more semantic HTML element like p, button, or time?

Provide a good document outline

Headings are the primary mechanism used by screen reader users to navigate content. Therefore, the structure of headings on a page should make sense, like a good table of contents. We should ensure that:

There is only one h1 element on the page.
Heading levels are not skipped.
Heading levels are nested correctly.

Provide accessible names for screen readers

To provide markup with accessible names, ensure every:

input has an associated label.
button and link have visible text, or aria-label when there is no visible text, such as for an icon button with no content.
image has an alt attribute.
fieldset has legend as its first child.
figure has figcaption as its first child.
table has caption as its first child.

Groups of checkboxes and radio inputs should be grouped together in a fieldset with a legend. legend gives the group of checkboxes and radio inputs a label.

If the label, child text, or child element is not visually desired, use .gl-sr-only to hide the element from everything but screen readers.

Examples of providing accessible names

The following subsections contain examples of markup that render HTML elements with accessible names.

Note that when using GlFormGroup:

Passing only a label prop renders a fieldset with a legend containing the label value.
Passing both a label and a label-for prop renders a label that points to the form input with the same label-for ID.

Text inputs with accessible names

When using GlFormGroup, the label prop alone does not give the input an accessible name. The label-for prop must also be provided to give the input an accessible name.

Text input examples:

<!-- Input with label -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue title')" label-for="issue-title">
  <gl-form-input id="issue-title" v-model="title" />
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Input with hidden label -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue title')" label-for="issue-title" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-input id="issue-title" v-model="title" />
</gl-form-group>

textarea examples:

<!-- textarea with label -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue description')" label-for="issue-description">
  <gl-form-textarea id="issue-description" v-model="description" />
</gl-form-group>

<!-- textarea with hidden label -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue description')" label-for="issue-description" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-textarea id="issue-description" v-model="description" />
</gl-form-group>

Alternatively, you can use a plain label element:

<!-- Input with label using `label` -->
<label for="issue-title">{{ __('Issue title') }}</label>
<gl-form-input id="issue-title" v-model="title" />

<!-- Input with hidden label using `label` -->
<label for="issue-title" class="gl-sr-only">{{ __('Issue title') }}</label>
<gl-form-input id="issue-title" v-model="title" />

Select inputs with accessible names

Select input examples:

<!-- Select input with label -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue status')" label-for="issue-status">
  <gl-form-select id="issue-status" v-model="status" :options="options" />
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Select input with hidden label -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue status')" label-for="issue-status" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-select id="issue-status" v-model="status" :options="options" />
</gl-form-group>

Checkbox inputs with accessible names

Single checkbox:

<!-- Single checkbox with label -->
<gl-form-checkbox v-model="status" value="task-complete">
  {{ __('Task complete') }}
</gl-form-checkbox>

<!-- Single checkbox with hidden label -->
<gl-form-checkbox v-model="status" value="task-complete">
  <span class="gl-sr-only">{{ __('Task complete') }}</span>
</gl-form-checkbox>

Multiple checkboxes:

<!-- Multiple labeled checkboxes grouped within a fieldset -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Task list')">
  <gl-form-checkbox value="task-1">{{ __('Task 1') }}</gl-form-checkbox>
  <gl-form-checkbox value="task-2">{{ __('Task 2') }}</gl-form-checkbox>
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Or -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Task list')">
  <gl-form-checkbox-group v-model="selected" :options="options" />
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Multiple labeled checkboxes grouped within a fieldset with hidden legend -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Task list')" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-checkbox value="task-1">{{ __('Task 1') }}</gl-form-checkbox>
  <gl-form-checkbox value="task-2">{{ __('Task 2') }}</gl-form-checkbox>
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Or -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Task list')" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-checkbox-group v-model="selected" :options="options" />
</gl-form-group>

Radio inputs with accessible names

Single radio input:

<!-- Single radio with a label -->
<gl-form-radio v-model="status" value="opened">
  {{ __('Opened') }}
</gl-form-radio>

<!-- Single radio with a hidden label -->
<gl-form-radio v-model="status" value="opened">
  <span class="gl-sr-only">{{ __('Opened') }}</span>
</gl-form-radio>

Multiple radio inputs:

<!-- Multiple labeled radio inputs grouped within a fieldset -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue status')">
  <gl-form-radio value="opened">{{ __('Opened') }}</gl-form-radio>
  <gl-form-radio value="closed">{{ __('Closed') }}</gl-form-radio>
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Or -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue status')">
  <gl-form-radio-group v-model="selected" :options="options" />
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Multiple labeled radio inputs grouped within a fieldset with hidden legend -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue status')" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-radio value="opened">{{ __('Opened') }}</gl-form-radio>
  <gl-form-radio value="closed">{{ __('Closed') }}</gl-form-radio>
</gl-form-group>

<!-- Or -->
<gl-form-group :label="__('Issue status')" label-sr-only>
  <gl-form-radio-group v-model="selected" :options="options" />
</gl-form-group>

File inputs with accessible names

File input examples:

<!-- File input with a label -->
<label for="attach-file">{{ __('Attach a file') }}</label>
<input id="attach-file" type="file" />

<!-- File input with a hidden label -->
<label for="attach-file" class="gl-sr-only">{{ __('Attach a file') }}</label>
<input id="attach-file" type="file" />

GlToggle components with accessible names

GlToggle examples:

<!-- GlToggle with label -->
<gl-toggle v-model="notifications" :label="__('Notifications')" />

<!-- GlToggle with hidden label -->
<gl-toggle v-model="notifications" :label="__('Notifications')" label-position="hidden" />

GlFormCombobox components with accessible names

GlFormCombobox example:

<!-- GlFormCombobox with label -->
<gl-form-combobox :label-text="__('Key')" :token-list="$options.tokenList" />

Images with accessible names

Image examples:

<img :src="imagePath" :alt="__('A description of the image')" />

<!-- SVGs implicitly have a graphics role so if it is semantically an image we should apply `role="img"` -->
<svg role="img" :alt="__('A description of the image')" />

<!-- A decorative image, hidden from screen readers -->
<img :src="imagePath" :alt="" />

Buttons and links with descriptive accessible names

Buttons and links should have accessible names that are descriptive enough to be understood in isolation.

<!-- bad -->
<gl-button @click="handleClick">{{ __('Submit') }}</gl-button>

<gl-link :href="url">{{ __('page') }}</gl-link>

<!-- good -->
<gl-button @click="handleClick">{{ __('Submit review') }}</gl-button>

<gl-link :href="url">{{ __("GitLab's accessibility page") }}</gl-link>

Links styled like buttons

Links can be styled like buttons using GlButton.

 <gl-button :href="url">{{ __('Link styled as a button') }}</gl-button>

Role

In general, avoid using role. Use semantic HTML elements that implicitly have a role instead.

Bad	Good
`<div role="button">`	`<button>`
`<div role="img">`	`<img>`
`<div role="link">`	`<a>`
`<div role="header">`	`<h1>` to `<h6>`
`<div role="textbox">`	`<input>` or `<textarea>`
`<div role="article">`	`<article>`
`<div role="list">`	`<ol>` or `<ul>`
`<div role="listitem">`	`<li>`
`<div role="table">`	`<table>`
`<div role="rowgroup">`	`<thead>`, `<tbody>`, or `<tfoot>`
`<div role="row">`	`<tr>`
`<div role="columnheader">`	`<th>`
`<div role="cell">`	`<td>`

Support keyboard-only use

Keyboard users rely on focus outlines to understand where they are on the page. Therefore, if an element is interactive you must ensure:

It can receive keyboard focus.
It has a visible focus state.

Use semantic HTML, such as a (GlLink) and button (GlButton), which provides these behaviours by default.

Keep in mind that:

Tab and Shift-Tab should only move between interactive elements, not static content.
When you add :hover styles, in most cases you should add :focus styles too so that the styling is applied for both mouse and keyboard users.
If you remove an interactive element's outline, make sure you maintain visual focus state in another way such as with box-shadow.

See the Pajamas Keyboard-only page for more detail.

`tabindex`

Prefer no tabindex to using tabindex, since:

Using semantic HTML such as button (GlButton) implicitly provides tabindex="0".
Tabbing order should match the visual reading order and positive tabindexs interfere with this.

Avoid using `tabindex="0"` to make an element interactive

Use interactive elements instead of div and span tags. For example:

If the element should be clickable, use a button (GlButton).
If the element should be text editable, use an input or textarea.

Once the markup is semantically complete, use CSS to update it to its desired visual state.

<!-- bad -->
<div role="button" tabindex="0" @click="expand">Expand</div>

<!-- good -->
<gl-button class="gl-p-0!" category="tertiary" @click="expand">Expand</gl-button>

Do not use `tabindex="0"` on interactive elements

Interactive elements are already tab accessible so adding tabindex is redundant.

<!-- bad -->
<gl-link href="help" tabindex="0">Help</gl-link>
<gl-button tabindex="0">Submit</gl-button>

<!-- good -->
<gl-link href="help">Help</gl-link>
<gl-button>Submit</gl-button>

Do not use `tabindex="0"` on elements for screen readers to read

Screen readers can read text that is not tab accessible. The use of tabindex="0" is unnecessary and can cause problems, as screen reader users then expect to be able to interact with it.

<!-- bad -->
<p tabindex="0" :aria-label="message">{{ message }}</p>

<!-- good -->
<p>{{ message }}</p>

Do not use a positive `tabindex`

Always avoid using tabindex="1" or greater.

Icons

Icons can be split into three different types:

Icons that are decorative
Icons that convey meaning
Icons that are clickable

Icons that are decorative

Icons are decorative when there's no loss of information to the user when they are removed from the UI.

As the majority of icons within GitLab are decorative, GlIcon automatically hides its rendered icons from screen readers. Therefore, you do not need to add aria-hidden="true" to GlIcon, as this is redundant.

<!-- unnecessary — gl-icon hides icons from screen readers by default -->
<gl-icon name="rocket" aria-hidden="true" />

<!-- good -->
<gl-icon name="rocket" />

Icons that convey information

Icons convey information if there is loss of information to the user when they are removed from the UI.

An example is a confidential icon that conveys the issue is confidential, and does not have the text "Confidential" next to it.

Icons that convey information must have an accessible name so that the information is conveyed to screen reader users too.

<!-- bad -->
<gl-icon name="eye-slash" />

<!-- good -->
<gl-icon name="eye-slash" :aria-label="__('Confidential issue')" />

Icons that are clickable

Icons that are clickable are semantically buttons, so they should be rendered as buttons, with an accessible name.

<!-- bad -->
<gl-icon name="close" :aria-label="__('Close')" @click="handleClick" />

<!-- good -->
<gl-button icon="close" category="tertiary" :aria-label="__('Close')" @click="handleClick" />

Tooltips

When adding tooltips, we must ensure that the element with the tooltip can receive focus so keyboard users can see the tooltip. If the element is a static one, such as an icon, we can enclose it in a button, which already is focusable, so we don't have to add tabindex=0 to the icon.

The following code snippet is a good example of an icon with a tooltip.

It is automatically focusable, as it is a button.
It is given an accessible name with aria-label, as it is a button with no text.

<button
  v-gl-tooltip
  class="gl-border-0 gl-bg-transparent gl-p-0 gl-leading-0"
  :title="tooltipText"
  :aria-label="__('Warning')"
>
  <gl-icon name="warning" />
</button>

Hiding elements

Use the following table to hide elements from users, when appropriate.

Hide from sighted users	Hide from screen readers	Hide from both sighted and screen reader users
`.gl-sr-only`	`aria-hidden="true"`	`display: none`, `visibility: hidden`, or `hidden` attribute

Hide decorative images from screen readers

To reduce noise for screen reader users, hide decorative images using alt="". If the image is not an img element, such as an inline SVG, you can hide it by adding both role="img" and alt="".

gl-icon components automatically hide their icons from screen readers so aria-hidden="true" is unnecessary when using gl-icon.

<!-- good - decorative images hidden from screen readers -->

<img src="decorative.jpg" alt="">

<svg role="img" alt="" />

<gl-icon name="epic" />

When to use ARIA

No ARIA is required when using semantic HTML, because it already incorporates accessibility.

However, there are some UI patterns that do not have semantic HTML equivalents. General examples of these are dialogs (modals) and tabs. GitLab-specific examples are assignee and label dropdowns. Building such widgets require ARIA to make them understandable to screen readers. Proper research and testing should be done to ensure compliance with WCAG.