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Build and push container images to the container registry

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Before you can build and push container images, you must authenticate with the container registry.

Use Docker commands

You can use Docker commands to build and push container images to your container registry:

  1. Authenticate with the container registry.

  2. Run the Docker command to build or push. For example:

    • To build:

      docker build -t registry.example.com/group/project/image .

    • To push:

      docker push registry.example.com/group/project/image

Configure your .gitlab-ci.yml file

You can configure your .gitlab-ci.yml file to build and push container images to the container registry.

  • If multiple jobs require authentication, put the authentication command in the before_script.

  • Before building, use docker build --pull to fetch changes to base images. It takes slightly longer, but it ensures your image is up-to-date.

  • Before each docker run, do an explicit docker pull to fetch the image that was just built. This step is especially important if you are using multiple runners that cache images locally.

    If you use the Git SHA in your image tag, each job is unique and you should never have a stale image. However, it's still possible to have a stale image if you rebuild a given commit after a dependency has changed.

  • Don't build directly to the latest tag because multiple jobs may be happening simultaneously.

Use GitLab CI/CD

You can use GitLab CI/CD to build and push container images to the Container Registry. You can use CI/CD to test, build, and deploy your project from the container image you created.

Use a Docker-in-Docker container image from your container registry

You can use your own container images for Docker-in-Docker.

  1. Set up Docker-in-Docker.
  2. Update the image and service to point to your registry.
  3. Add a service alias.

Your .gitlab-ci.yml should look similar to this:

build:
  image: $CI_REGISTRY/group/project/docker:20.10.16
  services:
    - name: $CI_REGISTRY/group/project/docker:20.10.16-dind
      alias: docker
  stage: build
  script:
    - docker build -t my-docker-image .
    - docker run my-docker-image /script/to/run/tests

If you forget to set the service alias, the container image can't find the dind service, and an error like the following is shown:

error during connect: Get http://docker:2376/v1.39/info: dial tcp: lookup docker on 192.168.0.1:53: no such host

Use a Docker-in-Docker container image with Dependency Proxy

You can use your own container images with Dependency Proxy.

  1. Set up Docker-in-Docker.
  2. Update the image and service to point to your registry.
  3. Add a service alias.

Your .gitlab-ci.yml should look similar to this:

build:
  image: ${CI_DEPENDENCY_PROXY_GROUP_IMAGE_PREFIX}/docker:20.10.16
  services:
    - name: ${CI_DEPENDENCY_PROXY_GROUP_IMAGE_PREFIX}/docker:18.09.7-dind
      alias: docker
  stage: build
  script:
    - docker build -t my-docker-image .
    - docker run my-docker-image /script/to/run/tests

If you forget to set the service alias, the container image can't find the dind service, and an error like the following is shown:

error during connect: Get http://docker:2376/v1.39/info: dial tcp: lookup docker on 192.168.0.1:53: no such host

Container registry examples with GitLab CI/CD

If you're using Docker-in-Docker on your runners, your .gitlab-ci.yml file should look similar to this:

build:
  image: docker:20.10.16
  stage: build
  services:
    - docker:20.10.16-dind
  script:
    - echo "$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD" | docker login $CI_REGISTRY -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER --password-stdin
    - docker build -t $CI_REGISTRY/group/project/image:latest .
    - docker push $CI_REGISTRY/group/project/image:latest

You can use CI/CD variables in your .gitlab-ci.yml file. For example:

build:
  image: docker:20.10.16
  stage: build
  services:
    - docker:20.10.16-dind
  variables:
    IMAGE_TAG: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
  script:
    - echo "$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD" | docker login $CI_REGISTRY -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER --password-stdin
    - docker build -t $IMAGE_TAG .
    - docker push $IMAGE_TAG

In this example, $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE resolves to the address of the registry tied to this project. $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME resolves to the branch or tag name, which can contain forward slashes. Image tags can't contain forward slashes. Use $CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG as the image tag. You can declare the variable, $IMAGE_TAG, combining $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE and $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME to save some typing in the script section.

This example splits the tasks into 4 pipeline stages, including two tests that run in parallel. The build is stored in the container registry and used by subsequent stages, downloading the container image when needed. Changes to main also get tagged as latest and deployed using an application-specific deploy script:

default:
  image: docker:20.10.16
  services:
    - docker:20.10.16-dind
  before_script:
    - echo "$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD" | docker login $CI_REGISTRY -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER --password-stdin

stages:
  - build
  - test
  - release
  - deploy

variables:
  # Use TLS https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/docker/using_docker_build.html#tls-enabled
  DOCKER_HOST: tcp://docker:2376
  DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: "/certs"
  CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
  CONTAINER_RELEASE_IMAGE: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:latest

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - docker build --pull -t $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE .
    - docker push $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE

test1:
  stage: test
  script:
    - docker pull $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE
    - docker run $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE /script/to/run/tests

test2:
  stage: test
  script:
    - docker pull $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE
    - docker run $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE /script/to/run/another/test

release-image:
  stage: release
  script:
    - docker pull $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE
    - docker tag $CONTAINER_TEST_IMAGE $CONTAINER_RELEASE_IMAGE
    - docker push $CONTAINER_RELEASE_IMAGE
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - ./deploy.sh
  rules:
    - if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "main"
  environment: production

NOTE: This example explicitly calls docker pull. If you prefer to implicitly pull the container image using image:, and use either the Docker or Kubernetes executor, make sure that pull_policy is set to always.